Coping in soccer athletes: a systematic review / Enfrentamento em atletas de futebol: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Objective: Review the studies that investigated coping in soccer. Methods: A systemic search was carried out in the following databases: Pubmed, Web of Science, Scielo, Scopus, PsychINFO and SPORTDiscus. The descriptors related to the terms (Coping skills, Sport and Football) were verified in the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) database. The inclusion criteria used were: Empirical studies published in journals peer-reviewed scientific papers; b) Studies published from December 2014 to December 2019; c) with at least one quantitative measure; d) Studies with samples of soccer athletes; and e) Articles with specific reference to the topic 'Coping skills'. Results: The results showed that coping skills interact with important variables for good performance in elite soccer, such as competitive level, sports talent, psychopathologies, age group and sex. More specifically, it was noted that the development of some coping strategies, such as facing adversity, trust/motivation and performance under pressure, are potentially common to these variables. Conclusion: It is concluded that the development of some coping strategies is fundamental to the elite athlete, since it is positively associated with the optimal development of most of the variables analyzed in the synthesized studies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar sistematicamente os estudos que investigaram o coping no futebol. Métodos: Foi realizada busca sistêmica nas seguintes bases de dados: Pubmed, Web of Science, Scielo, Scopus, PsychINFO e SPORTDiscus. Os descritores relacionados aos termos (Habilidades de enfrentamento, Esporte e Futebol) foram verificados na base de dados MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). Os critérios de inclusão utilizados foram: Estudos empíricos publicados em periódicos artigos científicos revisados por pares; b) Estudos publicados de dezembro de 2014 a dezembro de 2019; c) com pelo menos uma medida quantitativa; d) Estudos com amostras de atletas de futebol; e e) Artigos com referência específica ao tema 'Habilidades de enfrentamento'. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que as habilidades de enfrentamento interagem com variáveis importantes para o bom desempenho no futebol de elite, como nível competitivo, talento esportivo, psicopatologias, faixa etária e sexo. Mais especificamente, notou-se que o desenvolvimento de algumas estratégias de enfrentamento, como enfrentar adversidades, confiança/motivação e desempenho sob pressão, são potencialmente comuns a essas variáveis. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o desenvolvimento de algumas estratégias de enfrentamento é fundamental para o atleta de elite, pois está positivamente associado ao desenvolvimento ótimo da maioria das variáveis analisadas nos estudos sintetizados.

Quality of coach-athlete relationship and coping as associated factors of stress, anxiety, burnout, and depression symptoms of soccer players in transition to professional: a prospective study

Abstract Aims: The present study investigated the quality of coach-athlete relationship (CAR) and coping as associated factors stress, anxiety, burnout, and depression symptoms of soccer players in the transition to professional. Methods: Twenty-three athletes from four teams of the 2019 under-20 Bahia State Championship participated in the study. The instruments used were the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire, the Coping Strategic Athletic Inventory, the Daily Analysis of Life Demands in Athletes, the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2R, the Burnout Questionnaire for Athletes, and the Major Depression Inventory. Data analysis was conducted using Generalized Estimation Equations, Pearson's Correlation, and Linear Multiple Regression (p < 0.05). Results: Our findings show that from the beginning to the end of the season, CAR and coping strategies were predictors of psychic occurrences. For CAR, the symptoms of anxiety associated with self-confidence and stress symptoms were predicted by Proximity and Complementarity, respectively. As for coping strategies, only the symptoms of stress were predicted by the dimension of facing adversity. Conclusion: From the beginning to the end of the season, the magnitude of the predicting factors over some psychopathologies is enhanced in youth soccer players going through a career transition stage.

Are life skills development within sport associated with coping strategies in young Brazilian athletes? / O desenvolvimento de habilidades para a vida está associado às estratégias de coping em jovens atletas brasileiros?

Abstract Playing sports during youth has been considered one of the main tools for the development of life skills. Thus, this cross-sectional study investigated the association between the development of life skills and coping strategies in 134 young athletes of both sexes in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. The instruments used were the Sports Life Skills Scale and Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28BR). Data analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation and Multiple Regression (p<0.05). The results showed a significant (p<0.05) and positive correlation between the life skills subscales and coping strategies. Multiple regression analyses found that total life skills development (a summative score of all eight life skills scores) was positively related to coping skills-providing support for the "pile-up" effect. It was concluded that a range of life skills development is positively associated with the coping strategies of young athletes, possibly helping these young people to show more confidence and motivation to achieve better performances in training and competitions.

Resumo A prática de esportes durante a juventude tem sido considerada uma das principais ferramentas para o desenvolvimento de habilidades para a vida. Assim, esse estudo transversal investigou a associação entre o desenvolvimento de habilidades para vida e estratégias de coping em 134 jovens atletas de ambos os sexos do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala de Habilidades para a Vida Esportiva e Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28BR). A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da correlação de Pearson e Regressão Múltipla (p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram correlação significativa (p<0,05) e positiva entre as subescalas de habilidades para a vida e as estratégias de coping. Análises de regressão múltipla encontradas que o desenvolvimento total de habilidades para a vida (uma pontuação somativa de todas as oito pontuações de habilidades para a vida) foi positivamente relacionado as habilidades de coping- fornecendo suporte para o efeito de "empilhamento". Concluiu-se que uma gama de desenvolvimento de habilidades para vida está positivamente associada às estratégias de coping dos jovens atletas, possivelmente contribuindo para que esses jovens se mostrem mais confiantes e motivados a conseguirem melhores desempenhos nos treinos e competições.

The predicting role of perfectionism on team cohesion among Brazilian futsal athletes

Abstract Aims: This cross-sectional study investigated the predicting role of perfectionism on the perception of team cohesion among futsal athletes. Methods: One hundred and forty of futsal athletes (24.8±4.9 years) were included who participated of a Brazilian Amateur Cup in 2017. The instruments were Sport Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-2 and Group Environment Questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted through the Pearson Correlation and Multiple Regression Analysis (p < .05). Results: The data showed the following significant correlations (p < .05): Group-Integration Task (GI-T) with Organization-Personal Standards (OPS) (r = .27) and Doubts About Action (DAA) (r = -.24); Group-Integration Social (GI-S) with OPS (r = .18); Individual Attraction to Group-Task (IA-T) with OPS (r = .25); Individual Attraction to the Group-Social (IA-S) with OPS (r = .17). Multiple regression showed that OPS showed a positive association with task cohesion dimensions (GI-T and IA-T), while DAA showed a negative association with both social (GI-S and IA-S) and task (GI-T) cohesion. Further, perceived parental pressure showed positive association with GI-S. Conclusion: our findings show that perfectionistic striving could be a positive predictor of task cohesion, while perfectionistic concerns might predict negatively both social and task cohesion.

Do sporting experiences predict team cohesion in youth athletes? / ¿Las experiencias deportivas predicen la cohesión del equipo en atletas jóvenes? / As experiências esportivas predizem a coesão da equipe em jovens atletas?

This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association between sporting experiences and the perception of team cohesion according to sex among youth Brazilian recreational athletes. Participants were 253 youth athletes with age average of 12.97 +/- 0.98years. Athletes represented the following sports: Indoor soccer (n=20); basketball (n=62); handball (n=123) and; volleyball (n=48). The instruments used were the Youth Experience Survey for Sport (P-YES-S) and the Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (P-YSEQ). Independent sample t-test revealed significant difference between sexesin the dimensions ofPersonal Skills (p = 0.02) (d= 0,31) and Task Cohesion (p = 0.02) (d= 0,34). The following significant correlations were found for girls:Task Cohesion with Personal Skills (r=0.48), Initiative Experiences (r=0.37); and Social Cohesion with Personal Skills (r=0.41), Cognitive Skills (r=0.43) and Initiative Experiences (r=0.32). For boys, it was found the following correlations: Task Cohesion with Personal Skills (r=0.19), Initiative Experiences (r=0.42) and Negative Experiences (r=-0.22); and Social cohesion with Personal Skills (r=0.18) and Initiative Experiences (r=0.30). Multiple regression analysis indicated that sports experiences are significant predictors of task (R2=0.21; F=17.838; p < 0.01) and social cohesion (R2=0.10; F=7.440; p < 0.01). It can be concluded that positive sporting experiences may predict social and task cohesion among youth athletes

Este estudio transversal tuvo como objetivo examinar la asociación entre las experiencias deportivas y la percepción de cohesión del equipo según el sexo entre los jóvenes atletas recreativos brasileños. Los participantes fueron 253 atletas jóvenes con unaedad promedio de 12.97 +/- 0.98 años. Los atletas representaron los siguientes deportes: fútbol sala (n = 20); baloncesto (n = 62); balonmano (n = 123) y; Voleibol (n = 48). Los instrumentos utilizados fueron la Encuesta de Experiencia Juvenil para el Deporte (P-YES-S) y el Cuestionario sobre el Ambiente del Deporte Juvenil (P-YSEQ). La prueba t de muestra independiente reveló una diferencia significativa entre los sexos en las dimensiones de las habilidades personales (p = 0.02) (d= 0,31) y la cohesión de tareas (p = 0.02) (d= 0,34). Se encontraron las siguientes correlaciones significativas para las niñas: cohesión de tareas con habilidades personales (r = 0,48), experiencias de iniciativa (r = 0,37); y cohesión social con habilidades personales (r = 0,41),habilidades cognitivas (r = 0,43) y experiencias de iniciativa (r = 0,32). Para los niños, se encontraron las siguientes correlaciones: Cohesión de la tarea con habilidades personales (r = 0.19), Experiencias de la iniciativa (r = 0.42) y Experiencias negativas (r = -0.22); y Cohesión social con habilidades personales (r = 0.18) y experiencias de iniciativa (r = 0.30). El análisis de regresión múltiple indicó que las experiencias deportivas son factores predictivos significativos de la tarea (R2= 0.21; F = 17.838; p <0.01) y la cohesión social (R2= 0.10; F = 7.440; p <0.01). Se puede concluir que las experiencias deportivas positivas pueden predecir la cohesión social y de tareas entre los atletas jóvenes

Este estudo transversal teve como objetivo analisar a associação entre experiências esportivas e a percepção da coesão da equipe por sexo entre jovens atletas recreativos brasileiros. Os participantes foram 253 jovens atletas com média de idade de 12,97 +/- 0,98 anos. Os atletas representaram os seguintes esportes: futebol de salão (n = 20); basquetebol (n = 62); handebol (n = 123) e; vôlei (n = 48). Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Youth Experience Survey for Sport (P-YES-S) e o Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire (P-YSEQ). O teste t para amostras independentes revelou diferença significativa entre os sexos nas dimensões de Habilidades Pessoais (p = 0,02) (d=0,31) e Coesão da Tarefa (p = 0,02) (d= 0,34). As seguintes correlações significativas foram encontradas para as meninas: Coesão da Tarefa com Habilidades Pessoais (r = 0,48), Iniciativa Experiências (r = 0,37); e Coesão Social com Competências Pessoais (r = 0,41), Competências Cognitivas (r = 0,43) e Iniciativa Experiências (r = 0,32). Para os meninos, foram encontradas as seguintes correlações: Coesão da Tarefa com Habilidades Pessoais (r = 0,19), Experiências Iniciais (r = 0,42) e Experiências Negativas (r = -0,22); e coesão social com habilidades pessoais (r = 0,18) e experiências de iniciativa (r = 0,30). A análise de regressão múltipla indicou que as experiências esportivas são preditores significativos da tarefa (R2= 0,21; F = 17,838; p <0,01) e coesão social (R2= 0,10; F = 7,440; p <0,01). Pode-se concluir que experiências esportivas positivas podem predizer a coesão social e de tarefas entre atletas jovens

Association between basic psychological needs of the self-determination theory and perception of group cohesion among high-performance futsal athletes / Associação entre as necessidades psicológicas básicas de autodeterminação e a percepção de coesão de grupo em atletas de futsal de alto rendimento

Abstract This study aims to investigate the association between satisfaction of basic psychological needs of the self-determination theory, and perception of group cohesion among male futsal athletes. In total, 301 athletes from 20 teams, participants of the Brazilian Futsal League participated in this study. The instruments used were the Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale (BNSSS) and the Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ). Data analysis was conducted through the Structural Equation Modeling. Results revealed that the satisfaction of basic psychological needs presented significant association with group cohesion, explaining 28% of Task Cohesion and 63% of Social Cohesion variances. The satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs is associated with Task Cohesion, while only the satisfaction of basic psychological needs of Relatedness and Competence was associated with Social Cohesion. It was concluded that, in the context of high-performance futsal, the satisfaction of athletes with their basic psychological needs is associated with involvement with team goals and the likelihood of making friends within the group.

Resumo Este estudo investigou a associação entre a satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas, da teoria da autodeterminação, e a percepção de coesão de grupo em atletas de futsal do sexo masculino. Participaram 301 atletas das 20 equipes participantes da Liga Nacional de Futsal. Como instrumentos foram utilizados a Escala de Necessidades Básicas no Esporte (BNSSS) e o Questionário de Ambiente de Grupo (GEQ). A análise dos dados foi conduzida por meio da Modelagem de Equações Estruturais. Os resultados revelaram que a satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas apresentou associação significativa com a coesão de grupo, explicando em 28% a variância da Coesão para Tarefa e 63% da Coesão Social. A satisfação das três BPN está associada a Coesão para a Tarefa, enquanto que apenas a satisfação das necessidades psicológicas básicas de Relação e Competência se associou com a Coesão Social. Concluiu-se que, no contexto do futsal de alto rendimento, a satisfação do atleta em relação às suas necessidades psicológicas básicas está associada ao envolvimento com as metas da equipe e à probabilidade de desenvolver amizades dentro do grupo.